Soil pollution has increasing risks for human health and environment. Heavy elements are considered among the most important pollutants in the environment, which have been highly concerned in the last few decades. The accumulation of heavy elements in the Soil, especially in agricultural fields, is gradual and the concentration of heavy elements can reach a level that threatens human food security. Every year, thousands of tons of these elements, which are caused by urban, industrial, and agricultural activities, enter the Soil. The study of different researchers inside the country shows that the intensification of industrial activities, on one hand, and the non-compliance of environmental issues and standards by some of the industrial owners, on the other hand, has caused environmental pollution in some areas of the country. Soil is one of the important components of earth's bio-travel and plays an important role in the health of humans and animals. Soil not only plays an important role in the production of food and clothing, but also has a significant effect on maintaining the environmental quality. Therefore, Soil contamination by chemicals is one of the most important biological issues. In the last few decades, with the progress of industry, the amount of toxic elements in the Soil has been increased. Municipal and industrial effluents, solid wastes from various urban, industrial and agricultural activities, various fertilizers, and chemical poisons are important sources of Soil pollution with toxic elements.

Introduction: The aim of this research is examining the effective factors in contaminating Soil, and the methods of disposal and prevention the Soil from pollution; so that it would be possible to extract some indicators for calculating environmental costs in this domain in such a way that finally, by presenting a comprehensive pattern, it would be viable to calculate environmental costs of Soil in relation to Tehran Municipality activities, and render it in the form of financial reports to the users.Method: In this research, first, the methods of making Soil polluted has been classified, and then, in order to identify their indicators, a questionnaire was distributed among decision-makers (municipal executives and the citizens) and the specialists (accountants and environmentalists) in order that through analyzing the questionnaires by using SPSS Version 16 Software, it would be possible to extract the indicators.Result: The most important finding of this research is to identify the environmental indicators of Soil with the purpose of determining and classifying the environmental activities of Tehran Municipality based on these indicators.Conclusion: We have identified the indicators of Soil pollution and classified the environmental activities of Tehran Municipality. Then, we have compared the extracted environmental indicators with the measurements performed by Tehran Municipality in the domain of Soil, and the necessary policies and solutions for Tehran Municipality have been presented.

Management of cocoa plantation field relied on the use of pesticides over the years; hence, the fate of such chemicals is one of the most debated issues among the stakeholders. Young and old cocoa plantation fields from 4 major cocoa producing States in Nigeria were selected as the study area. Eight composites Soil samples collected from 3 portions of 6 transect measured area (100 x 50m) of the field were transported to the laboratory in sterile glass jar for analysis. A total of 19 organochlorine pesticides residues; (aldrin, a-hexachlorohexane, b-hexachlorohexane, g-hexachlorohexane, d-hexachlorohexane, a-chlordane, g-chlordane, p, p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, p, p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, p, p’-dichlorodi phenyltrichloroethane, dieldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan-II, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, endrin aldehydes, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and metoxychlor) were analyzed with gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The results revealed the variation in the number of residues detected among the study fields. Endosulfan-I had the highest value g organochlorine pesticides residue detected. Most of the residue concentrations were within the European Union regulatory standard of Czech Republic. Othercyclodine group had the highest concentration value among the evaluated organochlorine pesticides groups. The significant (P<0.05) higher concentration of total organochlorine pesticides were observed in old fields. Composition quotients values indicate that most of the observed organochlorine pesticides residues were products of historical usage. There were strong correlations among the total organic carbon contents of Soils and the total organochlorine pesticides compounds. Government regulatory agencies are encouraged to vigorously embark in further monitoring and ensuring the safety compliance of farmers towards the use of pesticides in Nigeria farms.

Heavy metal (HM) contamination and accumulation in Soil and water is a serious problem throghout the world due to the toxicity, abundant sources, non-biodegradable nature, and accumulative behavior of HMs in environment. A comprehensive understanding of the HM pollution in Soil is essential in order to make informed decisions on the approaches to reduce contamination, minimize human exposure, and protect populations from the risk. Pollution indices widely considered as useful tools for evaluation of the degree of contamination. In this paper, geo-accumlation Index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF); single pollution index (PI), contamination factor (Cf), eological risk factor (Eri), sum of pollution index (PIsum), Nemerow pollution index (PINemerow), pollution load index (PLI), vector modulus of pollution index (PIVector), background enrichment factor (PIN), multi-element contamination (MEC), contamination security index (CSI), the probability of toxicity (MERMQ), degree of contamination (Cdeg), modified degree of contamination (mCd), potential ecological risk (RI), exposure factor (ExF) were suggested to address the degree of HM pollution in Soil. Finally, a method was proposed for non-dimensionalisation of the above-mentioned indices as well as for calculation of an integrated Soil contamination index derived from the sum of the weighted-average scores of all individual indicators. Using these indicators is useful in quantitative evaluation and digital mapping of Soil pollution for management purposes...

The aim of this research is to investigate the existence and the three dimensional distribution of the pollution around Sarkhoun refinery. Following the initial investigation of the site, wells were dug up to hardpans followed by sampling. Soil pollution mappings and its distribution were performed by Surfer and Arc GIS and MATLAB softwares. The results showed that due to the lack of underground water in the area and the hardpans near Soil surface, pollution spread has happened through gas spread from the limited region above the hardpan. Geostatistic studies and 3-dimential estimated pollutions mapping by software showed the range of studied polluted Soil for TOG and TPH was 3633 and 2612 mg/Kg near burning pits and to 7 and 4 mg/Kg in the west south of the refinery. Furthermore, pollution spread in the direction of Soil layers gradient is towards Salt River, which is placed in the east of the refinery. In the east of refinery, sudden increase in both pollution maps was related to the tube lines breakage. The result showed that TOG pollution map and TPH pollution map had similar trend. The results of the simulations revealed that in Sarkhoun Soils by increasing in water debit to burning pits, risk of pollution spreading increased, Therefore appropriate remedy for blockage of spreading would be necessary.

Development of industry and heavy traffic in developed and some developing countries resulted pollution of resources such as Soils, air and waters. Because of the pollution of environment, monitoring of Soil, water and air pollution is of major importance. Biomonitoring of pollutants has been attracting attention of many investigators since early decided of 20th century and even earlier some plants and animals has been used as biomonitors in many parts of the world. We used acacia trees in other to monitor the intensity of Soil and air pollution to some heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn and Cd) in the city of Karaj. Concentration of these heavy metals in Soils, washed and unwashed leaves of Fraxinus , for four cites ( Azimieh highway Taleghani highway, Hashtgerd industrial zone and Nazarabad village) were collected in two stages ( Jun and September ) for chemical analysis. Chemical analysis of Soil samples at depth of 0-10cm showed that concentration of most of these elements was lower than the maximum recommended levels. Concentration of measured heavy metals in washed leaves was lower than those of unwashed leaves of Fraxinus and different was significant. The stages of leaf sampling did not show any significant effect on the concentration of the measured heavy metals in leaf samples. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of heavy metals in washed leaves is the concentration of these metals in Soil samples. Results of this investigation showed that the industry and traffic were the main source of air heavy metal pollution in Karaj, and Fraxinus tree is a dependable biomonitor for air and Soil pollution investigations.

Increasing urbanization and growing population density with their ensuing enhanced transportation cause problems in the bioconditions of the urban environment. Heavy metals such as lead and cadmium account for part of the environmental pollution resulting from urban transportation. The purpose of this study is to determine lead and cadmium concentrations and their distribution trend in urban roadside Soil. For the purposes of this study, four roadside sites were selected in Isfahan. Samples were collected from surface Soil (0-5 cm) and deep Soil (50-55 cm) at distances 0.5 to 50 meters from the roads. The results from statistical analysis of lead and cadmium concentrations demonstrated that roadside Soils were polluted with heavy metals as they exceeded maximum acceptable concentrations (MAC) of agricultural Soils. It was observed that lead and cadmium concentrations in Soil decreased nonlinearly with increased distance from road at each site. Regression analysis of data from lead and cadmium normalized concentrations (as the dependent variables) versus distance from road (as the independent variable) showed that the logarithmic regression model, in terms of its simplicity and its relative fitness to all the data from this study, could be adequately used as a suitable model for the distribution of these metals in roadside Soils. The results obtained from this study can be used in designing urban areas and in planning urban transportation management and traffic control system.